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2.4. Shigowar Mohammed Madina da kuma kafa Musulunci a matsayin rundunar soji

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Shekaru goma sha uku bayan Mohammed ya ba da labarin ganin wahayin mala'ika Jibrilu, Khadijah ta rasu. A lokacin rayuwarta, Mohammed bai auri mace ta biyu ba. Bayan rasuwar Khadija, sai ya auri wata bazawara mai suna Sauda, kuma yana aure da ita ya auri wata yarinya mai suna Aisha.

Wannan ba shine kawai abin da ya canza sosai bayan mutuwar Khadijah ba. Kawun Mohammed ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a mutuwarsa, Mohammed ya rasa kariyar da yake samu. Sauran danginsa sun kasance arna, kuma babu soyayya a tsakanin su da Mohammed. A sakamakon haka, Mohammed ya bar Makka tare da matansa da kuma mabiyansa kusan saba'in, ya koma Madina don tserewa fitina. A Madina ya kan kara auren mata, har sai ya kasance tsakanin 11 zuwa 15 (ya danganta da tushe) a lokaci guda. Wasu ya sake su, don haka gaba daya an ruwaito yana da mata tsakanin 15 zuwa 25.

Me ya sa Mohammed ya zabi Madina a matsayin inda zai nufa? Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, dangin mahaifiyar Mohammed duk ’yan Madina ne; ko da yake shi kansa ba a yi la'akari da shi a zahiri a cikin danginsu ba (al'ummar yankin sun kasance tsattsauran ra'ayi), amma duk da haka sun ba shi wani matakin kariya a sabon gidansa. Akwai kuma kabilun larabawa a garin da suka gane shi a matsayin annabi (ko da yake ba duka ne suka koma sabon addininsa ba). Tun kafin tafiyarsa an san shi a matsayin shugaban wasu bajinta, kuma an nemi ya sasanta tsakanin kabilun Madina biyu da ke gaba da juna, wato Banu Khazraj da Banu Aws. Da ya hada su sai suka binne wannan sara suka yi mubaya'a ga addinin gama gari. An san su da sunan Ansar, ko "masu taimako" na Mohammed.

Madina tana da bakon tsarin zamantakewa. Tana da manyan kabilun Larabawa guda biyu, Banu Khazraj da Banu Aws. Haka kuma akwai ‘yan kabilar Yahudawa: Banu Qurayza, Banu Qaynuqa, da Banu Nadir. Waɗannan ƙabilun Yahudawa sun yi ƙaura daga Levant ƴan ƙarni a baya, kuma sun kafa kansu a kusa da Larabawa suna aiki galibi a cikin kasuwanci ko kayan ado.

Hijira zuwa Madina ya nuna gagarumin sauyi ba kawai a wurin ba, har ma da koyarwarsa. Wannan yunkuri yana da matukar muhimmanci ta yadda a yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin farkon kalandar Musulunci (mai suna Hijira, bayan Larabci don "hijira"), kuma wadanda suka yi tafiya tare da shi sun zama sanannun Muhaajiruun (ko hijira), kuma su ne har wala yau ana ganin girman matsayi a tsakanin musulmi dangane da wahalhalun da aka ce sun sha a Makka.

Da Mohammed ya bar Makka, addini mai son zaman lafiya da yake wa'azi ya ƙare kuma koyarwarsa ta ɗauki wani salo na dabam. Alkur'ani - ko da yake ba a tattara shi ba sai bayan lokaci - ya ƙunshi bayanan koyarwar Mohammed daga lokuta biyu, kuma akwai bambanci a fili tsakanin abin da ake kira surorin Makka (ko surori), da surorin Madina waɗanda aka karanta a matsayin wani abu na littafin yaki kamar yadda Mohammed ya canza daga mai wa'azi na ruhaniya zuwa babban janar na soja.

Tun kafin Hijira, an yi fama da yunwa a Madina, kuma qasar ta daina tallafa wa al’umma da ke karuwa. Hakan ya sa lokacin da Mohammed ya iso, ya gano cewa babu wadataccen abinci gare shi ko mabiyansa (ko kuma a haƙiƙa akwai wata ƙabila da ke can). Don haka bayan ya zauna, sai ya yi yunƙuri guda huɗu da bai yi nasara ba don kai farmaki kan ayarin Kuraishawa da ke tafiya da dawowa daga Makka. Sannan a watan Maris na shekara ta 624 (a shekara ta biyu bayan Hijira) ya shirya kai farmaki kan ayarin ‘yan kasuwa a karkashin jagorancin Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb – daya daga cikin shugabannin kabilar Kuraishawa na Makkah wadda mahaifinsa ya kasance a gare su – yana dawowa daga Sham. Abu Sufyan ya samu labarin shirin daga ‘yan leken asirinsa, kuma ya aika da sako zuwa Makka yana neman taimako. Kuraishawa sun aika da shi wajen sojoji dubu; amma Abu Sufyan bn Harb ya canza hanya kuma ya yi nasarar kaucewa harin kwanton bauna. Duk da haka, mutanen Makka sun yanke shawarar yin tattaki don yakar Mohammed. Sojojin biyu sun hadu a rijiyar Badar (Miles 70 kudu maso yammacin Madina). Dakarun Kuraishawa sun fi na musulmi girma sau uku, amma duk da haka musulmi sun ci nasara a yakin da suka samu nasarar kwace madafan ruwa, wato rijiyar.

Wannan nasara a yakinsu na farko na makami ya sauya abubuwa da dama ga sabuwar daular Musulunci. A yanzu musulmi sun ga yiwuwar samun nasara a yakin da suke yi da sojojin da suka fi nasu girma, har ma sun ga yiwuwar fara kai hare-hare kan Makka da kawayenta. Don haka a cikin shekarar bayan Yaƙin Badar, Musulmai sun yi ƙanƙanta balaguro a kan wasu fitattun masu sukar Mohammed - ba don biyan buƙatu na abinci ba (kamar yadda ya kasance dalilin yunƙurin da suka yi na kai hare-hare a baya) amma don kawai rufe adawa da Musulunci koyarwa.

An kai irin wadannan hare-hare guda biyu kan wani mutum mai suna Abu Afak da wata mata mai suna Asma Bint Marwan. Abu Afak dattijo makaho ne wanda ya rubuta wakoki yana sukar Mohammed da ta'addancinsa; Bai yi wa Mohammed barazana ta zahiri ba, duk da haka Mohammed, ba shi da jurewa da suka, ya sa aka kashe shi. Wasu majiyoyin Islama na zamani sun yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da kisan nasa ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa an kashe shi ba don ya rubuta waƙar sukar Mohammed ba amma don ya ƙulla yaƙi da shi. Sai dai babu wata shaida kan haka; abin da aka nakalto daga Larabci daga rubuce-rubucen da masanin tarihi Ibn Kathir ya yi amfani da shi wajen tabbatar da wannan ikirari an yi shi sosai don kawar da gaskiyar cewa Abu Afak mawaƙi ne mai shekaru 120, kuma aikinsa bai zama kira zuwa yaƙi ba (kalmar da Ibn ya yi amfani da shi). Kathir wanda aka fassara ko kuma aka fassara shi da "yaki da aka zuga" ‒ harrid ‒ koyaushe ana fahimtarsa ​​ta ma'ana mai kyau idan aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani ma'anar "karfafawa," "tashi," "wahayi" ko "sauyi" don haka babu dalili. Don yin tunanin cewa a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin wani abu daban-daban. Wannan ba hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta amsa ƙin yarda ba idan dole ne ka cire shaidar da ke kan rubutun ku ko dai ta hanyar kuskure ko kuma a zahiri cire shaidar shaida. a cikin uzuri na Musulunci, inda aka yi amfani da ma'auni na sabani don tilasta sakamakon da ake so.

Yayin da labarin kisan ya yadu, wata mata mai suna Asma Bint Marwan ta rubuta waka inda ta yi Allah-wadai da lamarin da kuma mabiya Mohammed. Da Mohammed ya ji haka, sai ya tambayi mabiyansa, “Wa zai kore ni daga Bint Marwan?” Daya daga cikinsu ya faru dan kabilar Asmau ne; ya kashe ta da daddare sannan ya kai rahoton kisan ga Mohammed washegari. Mohammed ya yaba da abin da ya aikata, yana mai cewa ko awaki biyu ba za su yi wa kan ta rasuwa ba. Wannan, to, ita ce hanyar Mohammed; Asma Bint Marwan, kamar Abu Afak, ba jaruma bace ko mayaka amma mai suka. Amma duk da haka ya sa aka kashe ta a barci.

Kisan Asma Bint Marwan ya kawo sauyi ga shugabancin Mohammed. Yayin da a baya wadanda suka fito daga kabilarta da suka bi Mohammed suka boye lamarin, yanzu sun kasance a bayyane game da shi kuma kabilar gaba daya dan tarihi Ibn Hisham ya ruwaito cewa sun "ga karfin Musulunci" kuma sun shiga cikin sahunsu (ko da yake ko ta hanyar sha'awa ko tsoro ba za mu iya cewa ba).

Yayin da Mohammed ya ci gaba da yakar abokan adawarsa, ya karkata akalarsa ga daya daga cikin kabilar Yahudawa da ke Madina, wato Banu Qaynuqa. Malaman tarihi na musulmi ba su yarda ba a kan dalilin wannan zaluncin musulmi a kan Yahudawa; Wasu labaran sun ce saboda daya ko fiye da samarin Bayahude sun tsoratar da wata Musulma, amma wasu sun ce kabilar Yahudawa sun kalubalance shi da kada ya yi tunanin zai iya yakar su ya yi nasara don kawai ya ci nasara a kan Quraishawa (Safiurahman al-Mubaraki, Nectar da aka rufe). Da farko, Mohammed ya so ya kashe dukkan ’yan kabilar amma daga karshe wani hakiman Madina (Abdullahi bn Ubayyu bn Salul) ya lallashi ya kori kabilar baki daya daga Madina. Mohammed ya kwashe dukiyoyinsu da dukiyoyinsu ya raba wa mabiyansa, ya dauki kashi biyar na ganima.

Mohammed ya ci gaba da tafiya kanana har zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 625, lokacin da Kuraishawa suka mayar da martani ta hanyar kai wa Mohammed hari tare da runduna mai karfi 3000 karkashin jagorancin Abu Sufyan, Khalid ibn al-Walid, da Amr ibn al-As (wanda daga baya ya musulunta bayan cin galaba a kansu). An yi yakin ne a ranar Asabar 23 ga Maris 625 a wani kwari da ke gaban Dutsen Uhud daga arewacin Madina. Sojojin dawakan Makka 200 sun fi na musulmi yawa da 4 zuwa 1. An yi imanin cewa wannan yaki cin nasara ne ga musulmi, har ma Alkur'ani ya gane haka:

A lokacin yakin Mohammed ya ji rauni kuma ya karya hakora; An kashe baffansa Hamzah bn ‘Abdul-Muttalib. Duk da shan kaye, yakin ya baiwa Mohammed damar nuna iyawarsa a matsayinsa na Janar na soja ta hanyar zabar dabarun Uhud. Don haka ra'ayin Musulunci mai fafutuka ya kafu kuma da shi ne muhimmancin yaki ga sabuwar daular Musulunci. Wannan ya nuna lokacin da Mohammed ya fara dogaro da yakin neman zabe na yada sabon addininsa.

A cikin ’yan shekarun da suka biyo baya Mohammed ya kawar da sauran qabilun Yahudawa da suka rage a Madina ta hanyar korar Banu Nadir, ya kuma karkashe dukkan mazajen Banu Qurayza da kuma daukar mata da yara a matsayin bayi. A karshe a shekara ta 630 (shekara biyu kacal kafin rasuwarsa) ya doki Makkah, ya ci garin da aka haife shi da ya ki shi da sakonsa.

Bayan rasuwar Mohammed, musulmi sun ci gaba da fadada da karfin soji kuma a cikin shekaru dari suka kafa daular da ta taso daga kudancin Faransa a yamma zuwa Indiya a gabas, daga Armeniya a arewa zuwa Yemen a kudu.

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